Enviro-Bioticsยฎ inhibition
of SARS-CoV2 infectivity.
Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ืืขืื ืืช ืืืืื ืื ืืืฃ SARS-CoV2 pseudovirus.
ย ย Francesco Piacente1, Laura Sturla1, Mirko Magnone1, Katia Cortese2, Cristina Gagliani2, Moti Rebhun3, Hila Weissman3, Rotem Link3, Martin H. Bluth3,4,5
- ME.S.section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, 16132 Genova; Italy
- ME.S. section of Human Anatomy, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Department of Pathology, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
*Correspondence to: Martin H. Bluth, MD, PhD Professor of Pathology
Wayne State University School of Medicine toxdocs@gmail.com
ืชืงืฆืืจ
ืืืืคืช ืงืืืื-19 ืืฉืคืืขื ืขื ืืขืืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืื ืฉืืืืืืช. ืืขืื ืฉืืืกืื ืื, ืืืคืืืื ืืจืืืืง ืืืจืชื ืื ืงืจืืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืชืคืฉืืืช ืื ืืืฃ, ืืืฉืืช ืืืืื ืื ืื-ืืืจืืืืืช ื ืืชืจืืช ืคืืืช ืืขืืืืช ืขืงื ืชืืืืืช ืขืืจ ืงืฉืืช ืฉื ืืืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืกืืืืื. ืืจืืฉืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืืจืืช ืื ืฉื ืืช, ืื ืืกืฃ ืืืืกืื ืื ืืคืงืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืืืื ืืขืืืืืช ืืชืืืื ืฉื ืืืกืื ืืืืคืื.ย
ืืืขืืืืช ืฉื Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ืืืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืคืจืืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืงืื ืืกืืืื. ืืืฉืื ืฉื Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ืืืืืื ื-covid-19 ืขืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืขืื ืืืคืืชืช ืืืืงืืช ืื ืืืคืืช. ืขื ืื ืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืขืืืืช ืืื ืื-ืืืจืืืืช ืฉื Enviro-Bioticsยฎ, ื ืืฆืจื ืฉื ื ืืื ื ืืืจืืก PseudoCovid-19, ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืื Spike SARS-CoV2 S ืืืืงืืื ืืืืื ืคืืืืืจืกืฆื ืื ืืจืืง (EGFP) ืื ืื ืืื ืืืฆืืคืจืื (LUC). ื ืืืืืช ืืืืื Spike S ืขื pseudoCovid-19 ืืืืืฆืจ ื-HEK293T ืืืฉืจื ืขื ืืื ื ืืชืื Western blot; ืืชืจื ืืื, ื ืืชืื ืืืงืืจืื ืื ืืืงืจืืกืงืืคื ืฉื ืืขืืจื ืขื ื ืืืคื ืืคืกืืืื ืฉื ืืฆืจื ืืืฉืจ ืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืงืืงืื ืืคืกืืืื-ืืืจืืืืื (131 ื ื ืืืืจ) ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืฃ ืืืืขื SARS-CoV2.
ืชืื Caco-2 ืืืืืงื ืืคืกืืืื-ืืืจืืกืื ืืืืืืจื ืื ืืืืืช ืื ืืืืขืืจ Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ืืืืื ื ืืื Bacillus ืืืืขืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืื ืงืืืืช ืืื ืฉืื ืืช. ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืื ื Bacillus ืืืืืืื ื-Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ืืคืืืชื ืืช ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ื GFP ืืื ืฉื LUC pseudoCovid-19 (>99% ืืืืจ ืฉืืืฉ ืฉืขืืช, p<0.001). ืืคืืชืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืื ืืืคื ื ืฆืคื ืืืืจ ืืืคืื ื-Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ืืืืฆืขืืช (1) ื ืืชืื ืืืงืจืืกืงืืคืื ืงืื ืคืืงืืืช ืฉื ืชืื Caco-2 ืคืืืืืจืกืฆื ืืืื ืฉืืืืืจื ืขื EGFP-pseudoCovid-19 ื-(2) ืืืืช ืงืจืืกืื ืกืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืฆืจืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืืฉืจื ืขื ืืื ืคืืจืืืืฆืื.
In conclusion,ืืกืืืื, ืืื ืื ืฉื Bacillus ืืืืืืื ื-Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ืืคืืืชื ืืช ืืืืืงืืช ืื ืืืคืืช ืฉื ืืืจืืก ืคืกืืืื-ืงืืืื-19. ืืืฉื ืื ืืกืคืงืช ืืจื ืืืืืืืช, ืืขืืืช ื ืืืื, ืืขืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืคืืชืช ืืืืงืืช ืืงืืืื-19 ืืืขืืจืช ืืืืืช.
Introduction
ืืืืช ื ืืืฃ ืืงืืจืื ื 2019 (COVID-19), ืื ืืจืืช ืขื ืืื ืืืจืืก ืงืืจืื ื ืืืฉ, ืชืกืืื ืช ื ืฉืืื ืืจืืคื ื ืืืฃ ืงืืจืื ื 2 (SARS-CoV-2), ืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืืคื ืฉืืืืืงื ืืืขืื ื-180 ืืืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืจืืื ืืขืืื ืขื ืชืืืชื ืฉื ืืืขืื ื-4 ืืืืืื ืื ืฉืื [https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/]. ืืืจืืช ืฉืืคืืจืื ืืืชื ืืืืช, ืืืืืื ืืืืืคืื ืืืจืืืืช ืืฆืืืืจ, ืงืืื ืฆืืจื ืขื ืืืืขื ืืช ืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืืขืจ ืืช ืืชืคืฉืืืช ืื ืืืฃ. ืืขืื ืฉืจืืืืง ืืืจืชื, ืืืืฉืช ืืกืืืช ืืฉืืืคืช ืืืืื ื ืืชืจื ืืจืืื ืขืืงืจื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืื ืื-ืืืจืืืืช, ืืืชืคืฉืืืช ืืืืืจืืืืช ื ืืฉืืช ืืจืืื ืืขืืื. ืืืจืืช ืืืขืืืืช, ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืืกืืืช ืคื ืื ืืฉ ืืืืืืช ืืืื, ืกืื ืืืกืืืช (1), ืฉืืืจื ืขื ืืืืื ืืืจืืคืจืื ืืื ืชืงืื (2), ืืืืจืช ืงืฉืื ื ืฉืืื ืืจืื ืืื (3,4), ืืืขืืืืช ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืืช ืืกืคืง ืืืืืืืกืืืช ื ืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืืื ( 5,6).
ืืืื ืืกืืจืืืืืช ืืืกืื, ืืืฉืืช ื ืืกืคืืช ืืืขืืจื ื ืืืคืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืืจื ื ืืงืื, ืืื, ื ืชืจื ืืืคืืืืืจืื (ืืงืื ืืืืงื), ืื ืืืฆื, ืืืืจ ืื ืืืฆื ื, ืืืืืืจืืืืืื, ืงืจืื ื ืืืืืจื ืกืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืืืจ (7,8). ืขื ืืืช, ืืืฉืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืืจื ื ืืงืื ืืืจืฉืืช ืืืืืจืื ืจืฆืืคืื ืฉื ืืืฉืืืื ืืืืคืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืืจืื ื ืืืจืื ืืื ืฉืื ืจืืืฉืื (9,10) ืืืชืืฆืื ืืื ืขืืืืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืงืฉืืจืืช ืืืืืจืื ืืกืืื ืื, ืืฉืืื, ืืืกืื ืืืจืืฉืืช ืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืชืืืคืืช. ืืชืจ ืขื ืื, ืฉืืืคืช ืืืืื ืืชืืืช, ืืืจืืื ืขืืงืจื ืืชืจืืื ืืคืืชืช ืืขืืจื ืื ืื-ืืืจืืืืช, ื ืงืฉืจื ืืฉืืืืืช ืืืืืจืช ืฉื ืืจืืืืืืก ืืืข ืืืฆืืื ืืจืืืืืืืืื ืืืจืื (11,12). ืงืืื ืฆืืจื ืืืชืขืจืืืืืช ืืืืคืืืช ืืืืคื ืืจืืจ.Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ืืืืฆืืช ืชืืื ืืืฉ ืฉื ืคืจืืืืืืืงื ืกืืืืชืืช, ืฉืื ืืืงืจืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืชืืืืื ืืืืคืืขืื ืืืืคื ืืืขื, ืืืื ืืื ื Bacillus (ืืืืืจ B. subtilis, B. pumilus ื-B. megaterium) ืืกืคืงืื ืืืงืจืืืืื ืืกืืืื (13).Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ืืกืืืืื ืืืฆืืจ ืืืฉืืืช ืขื ืืฉืืืื ืขืืืื ืื ืืืืฉืืื, ืืืืืฆืื ืืืืคื ืชืืจืืชื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืงืื ืืืจืื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืขืช ืืชืคืฉืืืช ืืืืฉืจืืืช ืฉื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืื, ืืืื ืืกืคืง ืกืืืื ืืฆืืื ืืืืืื ืช ืืืืื ื ืืืืืื ืืช (14). ืืชืจ ืขื ืื, ยฎEnviro-Biotics ื ืืชื ืช ืืืคืฆื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืจืืกืืืืืฆืื ืืืกืืืืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืชืืืฉื ืขื ืืฉืืืื ืื ืืืืืืืืื. ืื ืืกืคืง "ืืืกืื" ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืคื ื ืืืจืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืืคืฆื ืงืื ืื ืฆืืื ืืืช ืืืืกืกืช ืืืืช ืื ืจืคืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืจื ื ืืงืื, ืฉื ืืชื ืืฉืืื ืืกืืงืื ืืืืฉืืืื ืื ืืืืืื. ืืชื ืืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืืฆืืข ืืคืงื ืืจืื ืืืื ืขื ืฆืจืืืช ืืืฆืจ ืืื ืืืืืช ืืขืืืช ืืืคืืชืช..Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ืืืืื ืืืขืืื ืืืืืื ืกืืืืืช ืืชื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืคื "ืืจืืงื" ืืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ื ืคืืฆืื. ืืืงืจืื ืงืืืืื ืืจืื ืืช ืืืฉืคืขืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืฉื Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ื ืื S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, E. faecalis, C. Difficile, A. baumannii ื-Albicans, ืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืฆืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืืืืืืื ื ืจืืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืืื (HAI) (14,15).ืืืงืจืื ืืื ืืจืื ืื ืฉืืชืขืจืืืืืช ืืกืื Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ืืื ืืขืืืืช ืขื 80% ืืืชืจ ืืืฉืจ ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืงืื ืื ืฆืืื ืืืื, ืืืคืืชืช ืขืืืกื ืืืืืงืื ืฉืขืืืืื ืืืืืช ืคืชืืื ืืื. ืืชืจ ืขื ืื, ืืืจืืช ืคืืื ืฆืืื ืืชืืฉื ืืืืืืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ืืืืคืื ืจืคืืื (HAI) (ืืืืงืจืื, ืืืืื, ืฆืืืช), ืืืคืืชื ืื ืฆืคืืช ืืขืืืก ืืืืงืจืืืืืื ื ืฉืืจื ืืืฆืืืืช ืืจืืืช ื ืืืืืช ืืืืจ ืืืืฉืื (14).ืชืคืงืืื ืฉื Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ืืืืืืช ืืืจืืืืืช ืืืืื ืื ืืฉืคืขืืช ืืืขืืืืช ืืืืื ืขืืืจื ืฉื ืืืจืืก ืกืื ืฆืืืืืื ื ืฉืืืชื (16) ืขื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืงืืืืช ืืคืงืืืจืื ืื ืื-ืืืจืืืืื ืืื ืคืคืืืืืืืืงื ืื ืกืคืฆืืคืืื (PG) ื-Bacillus subtilis ืืคืืืชื ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืคื -10,000 ืืืฉืืืื ื-PG ืืืื ืื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืืืงืื
ืืื, ืืขืจืื ื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ืขื-Covid-19 ืืืคืืืช ืืช ืืืืืื ืื ืืืคื ืืืชืขืจืืืช ืืืฉื ืืช ืคืืื ืฆืืืืืช ื ืื Covid-19.
ืฉืืืืช
ืชืจืืืช ืชืืื
ืชืื HEK293T (American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD, ืืจื"ื) ืืืคืื ืืืืืื Eagle's ืฉืื ื ืฉื Dulbecco (DMEM, Merck, ืืืืื ื, ืืืืืื) ืืชืืกืคืช ืฉื 10% ืกืจืื ืืงืจ ืขืืืจื (Merck), 2mM L-ืืืืืืื ื-1% ืคื ืืฆืืืื/ ืชืืืกืช ืกืืจืคืืืืืฆืื (Merck) ื-5% CO2 ื-37 ืืขืืืช ืฆืืืืืก.
ืชืื Caco-2 (ืืคืขื ืชืืื, ืืืช ืืืืืื ืกื ืืจืืื ื, ื'ื ืืื, ืืืืืื) ืชืืจืื ืืืืืื Minimum Essential ืฉื Eagle (Merck) ืืชืืกืคืช 20% ืกืจืื ืืงืจ ืขืืืจื (Merck), 2mM L-ืืืืืืื ื-1% ืชืืืกืช ืคื ืืฆืืืื/ืกืืจืคืืืืืฆืื (Merck) ) ื-5% CO2 ื-37 ืืขืืืช ืฆืืืืืก.
Lentiviral Covid-19 production
ืฉื ื ืืื ื ืื ืื-ืืืจืืก ืคืกืืืืืืืคืืกืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืจืืื ืืช ืืืืืื Spike SARS-CoV2 ื ืืฆืจื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืขืืจื ืืฉืืชืคืช ืฉื HEK293T ืขื ืืืงืืืจืื ืืืืื: ืืืืฆืืจ lentivirus ืคืกืืืืืืืืค ืืืืื ืืืืื Spike S ืืืืืื EGFP (EGFP-pseudoCovid-19) ื ืขืฉื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืฉืืืื ืืืืงืืืจืื pRP ืืืืื -CMV-SARS-CoV2 S, pLV-Puro-CMV-EGFP (Vector Builder, ืฉืืงืื, IL, ืืจื"ื) ืืคืืกืืื ืืืจืืื pCMV Delta R8.2 ืืืงืืื Gag-Pol, Tat ื-Rev (Addgene, MA,. ืืจื"ื). ืืืืฆืืจ lentivirus ืคืกืืืืืืืืค ืืืืื ืืืืื Spike S ืืื ืืื ืืืฆืืคืจืื (LUC-pseudoCovid-19) ืื ืืืงืืืจืื ืืื ืืืื ื-EGFP-pseudoCovid ืืืื ืืืืงืืืจ pLV-Puro-CMV-EGFP ืฉืืืืืฃ ื-pLV-Puro – ืืงืืืจ EF1A-Luciferase (Vector Builder). ืืงืฆืจื, ืืจืขื ืชืื HEK293T (300,000 ืชืืื ืขื ืคืืจื 6 ืก"ื). ืืืืจ 24 ืฉืขืืช ืชืขืจืืืช ืฉื ืืงืืืจืื ืื ืื-ืืืจืืืืื (1 ืืืงืจืืืจื ืฉื pRP-CMV-SARS-CoV2 S, 0.5 ืืืงืจืืืจื ืฉื pLV-Puro-CMV-EGFP ืื pLV-Puro-EF1A-Luciferase, 0,9 ืืืงืจืืืจื ืฉื pCMV Delta R8.2) ืืืืืจ ืืืฉื 20 ืืงืืช ื-400 ฮผl ืฉื DMEM ืืืืื 8 ฮผl ืฉื Transit-293 Transfection Reagent (Mirus, Tema Ricerca, ืืืืื ื, ืืืืืื) ืืืืกืฃ ืืชืื HEK293T ืื ืืืืืช DMEM ืืื ืคื ืืฆืืืื-ืกืืจืคืืืืืฆืื ืืื ืืงืื ืืจื ืกืคืงืฆืื ืฉื ืชืืื. 24 ืฉืขืืช ืืืืจ ืืืขืืจื, ืืืืืื HEK293T ืืืืืฃ ื-DMEM ืืื ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืช ืืืืฆืืจ ืืคืกืืืื-ืืืจืืื. ืืกืืคืจื ืื ื ืืืืื ืืืงืืงื lentiviral ื ืงืฆืจ ื-48 ืฉืขืืช (ืืืืืจ ืจืืฉืื) ื-72 ืฉืขืืช (ืืืืืจ ืฉื ื) ืืืืจ ืืืขืืจื, ืกืื ื ืขื ืืกื ื ืืงืืืจ 0.45 ืืืงืจืืืืจ, ืืืืืืจ ืืคื ืืคืจืืืืงืื ืืืชืืืจ ื- Kutner, R.H. et al. (18). ืืงืฆืจื 12 ื"ื ืฉื ืกืืคืจื ืื ื ืืืคืงื ืขื ืืจืืช ืืืืืื 10% ืกืืืจืื ื-50 ื"ื Tris-HCl pH 7.4, 100 ื"ื NaCl ื-0.5 ื"ื EDTA ืืืืฆืข ืืฆื ืืจืืคืืื ืืืฉื 2 ืฉืขืืช ื-100,000xg ื-4 ืืขืืืช ืฆืืืืืก. ืืืืจ ืฆื ืืจืืคืืื ืฉืืืจืจ ืืกืืคืจื ืื ื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืคืกืืืื-ืืืจืืก ื ืฉืืคื ืคืขื ืืืช ืขื ืกืืื ืคืืกืคื (PBS) ืืืืฉืขื ืืืืฉ ื-100 ฮผl ืฉื PBS.
Covid-19 titration
ืืืืจืฆืื ืฉื ื-pseudoCovid-19 ืืืฆืขื ืขื ืื ืช ืืืจืจ ืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืืืงืืงืื ืื ืืืคืื ืื ืคื ืืืืคืขืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืฉืืฉืื ืืืืื ืื. ืืงืฆืจื, ืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืจื ืืืืืืืืืจ (TU/ml) ืืงืืืืืช ืืืื ืช pseudoCovid-19 ืืืฉืื ืืืกืคืจ ืชืื Caco-2 ืคืืืืืจืกืฆื ืืืื ืืืืจืืช ืฉื ืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืขืฉื ืืืืื ืื ืืชืื FACS (Calibur, Beckman Coulter, U.S.A. ). ื-TU/ml ืืืฉื ืืืืจืืช ืฉืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืชืืื ืืคืืืจืกื ืืื ืืื ื ืืื ื-30% ืืืกืคืจ ืืชืืื ืืืืื. ืขืจืื ื- TU/ml ืฉื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืฆืข ืืื ืืืืืข ืืจืืืื ืืกืืคื ืฉื pseudoCovid19 ืฉืืื 6.9 x 105 TU/ml ืืื ืืฆืืื ืฉืืืคืงื.
Western blot analysis.
ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืกืคืืืง Sars-CoV2 ืขื ืืื ื ื-pseudoCovid-19 ืฉื ืืฆืจ, ืืืืจ ืืืฆืืจื ืืชืื HEK293T ืฉืขืืจื ืืืืงื, ืืืขืจื ืขื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืฉื Western blot ืืงืฆืจื, 30 ื"ื ืืื ืืืฃ ืืืืืฆืจ ืืืืืืืจ (ืขื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื Spike S) ืืืกืืคื ืขื 10 ul ืฉื ืชืืืกืช ืืืฅ ืืคื ืฉืชืืืจ ืงืืื ืืื (19) ืืืืจืชื 10 ืืงืืช. ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืขืืจื ื-8% SDS-PAGE ืืืืจืื Western blot ืขื ืืืืจื ืช ื ืืืจืืฆืืืืืื (Bio-Rad, ืืืืื ื, ืืืืืื). ืืืืืื Spike S ืืืขืืจ ืืืืืจื ื ืืืืจ ืืืืื Western blot ืขื ืืื ื ืืืื ืจืืฉืื ื ืกืคืฆืืคื ืืืืื 1:1000 (ืงืื #PA5112048, Thermo Scientific, U.S.A). Goat anti- Rabbit IgG HRP ืืฆืืื ืืืืื 1:5000 ืฉืืืฉ ืืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืขืืงืจื. ืืืช ืืืืืืืืืื ืกื ืฆืื ืฉื ืื ืืืื ืืืฉื ื ื ืจืืฉ ืขื ืืื Chemi-Doc System (Bio-Rad) ืืืืจ ืืืืจืช ืืืืจื ื ืขื ECLโข Western blotting detection reagent (GE-Healthcare Life Sciences, Milan, Italy).
ื ืืชืื ืืืงืจืืกืงืืคืืืช ืืืงืืจืื ืื (TEM) ืขื PseudoCovid-19ื ืืชืื TEM ืขื ืชืืฉืืจืื ืืืืืืื ืืกืื lentiviral pseudoCovid-19 ืืืฆืข ืืืืงืื. ืืืื ืืช ืืคืกืืืื-ืืืจืืืืืช ืืืฉืขื ืืืืฉ ื-20 ฮผL PBS (pH 7.4) ืืชืืงื ื ืขื ืืื ืืืกืคืช ื ืคื ืฉืืื ืฉื 2% ืคืจืคืืจืืืืืื ืืืืคืจ ืคืืกืคื ืฉื 0.1 ืืื/ืืืืจ (pH 7.4). ืืืืจ ืืื ื ืกืคืื ืคืกืืืื ื ืืืคืื ืืืฉื 10 ืืงืืช ืืจืฉืชืืช ื ืืืฉืช ืืฆืืคืืช ืคืืื ืขื ืืื ืจืืืืฃ ืืจืฉืชืืช ืขื ืืืคืืช ืฉื 5 ฮผl ืขื ืคืจืคืืื. ืืืืจ ืืื, ืจืฉืชืืช ืขื ืืืจืืกืื ืืืืืงืื ื ืฉืืคื ื-PBS ืืืืฆืืขื ืืืืคื ืฉืืืื ื-2% ืืืจื ืื ืืฆืื ืืืฉื 5 ืืงืืช ืืืืคืจืืืจืช ืืืืจ. ืจืฉืชืืช ืืืืชืืืช ืืืืืขื ืืืชืืืฆืืืืืื 2.5% ืืฉืืืืจ ืืฉืืคืจ ืืืืืฉื ืืืืืืจ ืืคื ื ืืืืืงื. ืืืงืจืืืจืคืื ืืืงืืจืื ืื ืฆืืืื ืืืืงืจืืกืงืืค Hitachi TEM (ืกืืจืช HT7800, ืืืงืื, ืืคื) ืืฆืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืืืืืืืช Megaview 3 ืืชืืื ืช Radius (EMSIS, ืืจืื ืื).
PseudoCovid-19 ืืืืงืช ืืืืืงืืช ืฉืืืจืืช ืื ืืืืืช Enviro-Bioticsยฎ
ืืืื ืืจืืงืฆืื ืืื ื-Enviro-Bioticsยฎ (BetterAir, ืืฉืจืื), ืืืืืื ื ืืื Bacillus, ืืืื PseudoCovid-19 ื ืืืงื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืกืื ืฆืืืช ืคืืกืืืง ืกืืจืืื ืืืืื 96 ืืืจืืช. ืื ืืกืืืื ืืืฆืขื ืืื ืืฃ ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืกืืืจ ืืจืืืืช ืื ืคื ืคื ืืื ืฉื 0.42 ื"ืง ืืืืคืจืืืจื ืฉื 25 ืืขืืืช ืฆืืืืืก ืื-80% RH.
ืืงืฆืจื, ื ืืื ื-Enviro-Bioticsยฎ Bacillus, ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืชืจืกืืก ืืืกืืจื ืฉื Betterair, ืจืืกืกื ืขื ืืืกื ืืืืจืืช, ืขื ืฉืืืืขื ืื ืคื ืฉื 30 ยตl/ืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืกืคืช 10 ยตl ืฉื ืืืคืจ ืกืืื ืืื ืืืจ. ืืืืงืืจืช ืฉืืืืืช ื ืืกืคื 40 ฮผl ืฉื ืืืคืจ ืกืืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืขืืืืืช ืืืขืืจ ื ืืืื. ืืฆืืืืช ืืืืืจื ืืจืืฉ ืืื ืืฃ ืืจืืื ืฉืืืืืช ืืืฉื 4 ืฉืขืืช.
ืื ืืกืื ืืจืืฉืื, ื ืืกืคื ืืื ืืืจ 30 ยตl ืฉื EGFP-pseudoCovid-19 (ืืืืื ื-20.7 x 103 ืืืงืืงื pseudoCovid-19 ืืคื ืืืืืจืฆืื ืฉืืืฆืขื) ืืื ืื ื ืคื ืกืืคื ืฉื 70 ยตl/ืืืจ. ื ืืืงื ืืืืฉื ืืื ื ืืืืจื ืฉืื ืื ืฉื ืืืืืงืื-ืืืจืืกืื: 0 ืืงืืช, 15 ืืงืืช, 30 ืืงืืช, ืฉืขื ืืืช ื-3 ืฉืขืืช ืืฉืืืฉื ืขืืชืงืื.
ืืกืืฃ ืื ืืืืจื ืฉื ื ืงืืืช ืืื, ืืืืืืช ื ืืกืคื ืืืฉืื ืืืจ ืืคืืกืืืง, ืืืขืืจื ืืฆืื ืืจ ืฉื 0.2 ื"ื, ืขืืจื ืฆื ืืจืืคืืื ืฉื 3,500xษกย ืืืฉื 8 ืืงืืช ืืืกืืคืจื ืื ื ืฉืืืืืจ ืกืื ื (ืืกื ื ืืืืื ืฉื 0.2 ืืืงืจืื) ืืกืืืืง ืื ืคืกืืืช ืืืืืงืื.
ืืื ืืืืจ ืืกืื ืื, ืืกืืคืจื ืื ื ืืืฉืืืืจ ืฉื ืื ืืืืื ืืืขืืจ ืืฆืืืืช 96-ืืืจืืช ืืื ื ืืจืขื ืชืื Caco-2 (15,000 ืชืืื/ืืืจ, ืืจืขื 24 ืฉืขืืช ืืคื ื ืืืืจืื). ืชืื Caco-2 ืืืืืจื ืขื ืืกืืคืจื ืื ื ืืืฉืืืืจ ืืืฉื 72 ืฉืขืืช; ืืกืืื ืืืืจื ืืื, ืชืื Caco-2 (ืื ืืืขืื ืืื ื ืงืืืช ืืื ื ืืกืืืืช ืฉืื ื) ื ืืืื ืขืืืจ ืืงืจืื ื ืฉืืื ืขื ืืื ืกืคืงืืจืืคืืืืืจืืืจ (BMG Labtech, Clario starplus) ืืื ืืืืช ืืช ืฉืืจ ืืืืืืืื ืฉื EGFP-pseudoCovid-19 ืืืืจ ืืืืืจื ืฉืื ืื ืื ืขื Enviro-Bioticsยฎ. ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืคืืืืืจืืืจื ืื, ืขื ืืืชื ืชืืื ืืืฆืขื ืจืืืฉืช ื ืืชืื ืืืืืชื ืขื ืืื ืืืงืจืืกืงืืค ืคืืืืืจืกืฆื ืื ืงืื ืคืืงืืื.
ืืืืงืช ืื-ืืงืืืืฆืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืืืืืืช ืฉื pseudoCovid-19 ืื ืืืืืช ื-Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ืืืฆืขื ืขื ืืื ืฉืืืืฉ ื-LUC-pseudoCovid-19 (ืืืงืื EGFP-pseudoCovid-19) ืขื ืื ืช ืืืืช ืืช ืืืขืืืืช ืื ืืืคืื ืฉื Bacillus ืขื ืืขืจืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืช . ืื ืชื ืื ืื ืืกืื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืกืื EGFP-pseudoCovid-19 ืืืขื (1) ืืื ืืืืืจื ืขื ืชืื Caco-2 ืขื ืืกืืคืจื ืื ืืื ืฉืืชืืืฉืฉื ื ืืฉื 120 ืฉืขืืช ื- (2) ืืขืจืืช ืฉืืจ ืืืืืืืื ืขื ืืชืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืขื ืืื ืจืืืฉืช ืืืืืืืืื ืกื ืฆืื ืืคืขืืืืช luciferase (BMG Labtech, Clario starplus).
ืืืงืจืืกืงืืคืื ืงืื ืคืืงืืืช ืคืืืืืจืกืฆื ืืืช ืืืืืชืืช ืฉื ืชืื Caco-2 ื ืืืขืื
ืืืืจ 72 ืฉืขืืช ืฉื ืืืืจื ืฉื ืชืื Caco-2 (15,000 ืชืืื/ืืืจ ืืจืขื ืืฆืืืช 96-ืืืจืืช) ืขื ืืกืืคืจื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืขืื ืืืื 0 ืืืื 3 ืฉืขืืช ืฉื ืืืืงืช ืืืืงืืช ืืฉืืจืืช ืขื EGFP-pseudoCovid-19 ืื ืืืืืช ืื ืื. ืฉื Enviro-Bioticsยฎ, ืชืืื ืืช ืืืืืชืืืช ืืชืงืืื ืขื ืืืงืจืืกืงืืค ืงืื ืคืืงืืื ืคืืืืืจืกืฆื ืื.
ืืืืงืช ืืฆืืจืช ืืืฉืืืช
ืืืืงืช ืืฆืืจืช ืืืฉืืืช ืืืฆืขื ืขื ืืืชื ืชืื Caco-2 ืฉืืืืืจื ืืืฉื 72 ืฉืขืืช ืขื ืืกืืคืจื ืื ืืื ืฉืฉืืืืจื ืขื ืืื ื ืืกืื ืื ืืืคืขืื ืฉื EGFP-pseudoCovid-19 ืืืืจ ืจืืืฉื ืคืืืืืจืืืืจืืช ืฉื ืืืืืงืืช ืื ืืืคืืช ืื ืืชืจืช. ืืงืฆืจื, 2 ื"ื/ื"ื ืคืืจืืืืฆืื (Merck, ืืจื"ื) ื ืืกืคื ืื 48 ืฉืขืืช ืืืฉื 12 ืืืื ืืชืื Caco-2. ืืืืจ 12 ืืืื, ืืืืฉืืืช ื ืฆืืขื ืืกืืื ืงืจืืกืื ืฉื 0.5%.
ืคืืชืจืื. ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืฉืืืช ืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืกืช ืืฆืืข ืขื ืชืืืกืช SDS 2% ืืืืืช ืขื ืืื ืกืคืืื ืกืคืงืืจืืคืืืืืืจืืช ื-570 ื ื ืืืืจ.
ื ืืจืื ืคืขืืืืช PseudoCovid-19.
ืืกืคืจ ืืืืืืงืื ืืคืขืืืื ืฉืืงืืจื ืื ืืื Enviro-Biotics ืืืฉืืฉืื ืื ืืกืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืืชืช pseudoCovid-19, ืืืฉื ืขื ืืื ืืืฆืืข ืืืืื ืืืืืงื ืืืฉืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืืฆืง (ืืืจ 15 ืืจื/ืืืืจ, ืชืืฆืืช ืฉืืจืื 2 ืืจื/ืืืืจ, 2 ืืจื /L ืืืงืช ืืื ืจืื, 16 ืืจื/ืืืืจ ืืืืงืื, 5 ืืจื/ืืืืจ ื ืชืจื ืืืืจื). ืืงืฆืจื, ื ืงืืืช ืืืืืจื ืืืื ืืคืก ืฉื ืื ืืกืื ืืืขืจืืช ืืฉืืชืช pseudoCovid-19 ืืืฆืขื ืืฆื ืืจืืคืืื ื-3,500xg ืืืฉื 8 ืืงืืช. ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืืืืงืื, ืืืฉืขืชื ืืืืฉ ื-200 ul ืฉื PBS (ืืฉืขืืืช ืืืืืงืื). ืืืฆืขื ืืืืืืื ืกืืจืชืืื ืืชืจืืืฃ ืืืื ืืืืืืงืื (1:100, 1:10,000 ื-1:1,000,000) ื-250 ื"ื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืคืจืกื ืืฉื ื ืขืืชืงืื ืขื ืฆืืืช ืคืืจื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืืฆืง (ืืจืื: ืืืจ 15 ืืจื/ืืืืจ + 2 ืืจื /L ืชืืฆืืช ืฉืืจืื, 2 ืืจื/ืืืืจ ืืืงืช ืืื ืจืื, 16 ืืจื/ืืืืจ ืืืืงืื, 5 ืืจื/ืืืืจ ื ืชืจื ืืืืจื). ืฆืืืช ืคืืจื ืขื ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืืื ืฉืืืฉื ืืืฉืืืื. ืืืืจ ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืื ื-37 ืืขืืืช ืฆืืืืืก ืืืืฉืืืช ื ืกืคืจื. ืกืคืืจืช ืืืืฉืืืช ืืืืชื ืืคืฉืจืืช ืจืง ืืืืืื 1:1,000,000 ืืืฉืจ ืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืชื ืืืคืจืืช ืืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืื ืคื ื ืืฉืื ืืคืืจื. ืืืืืช ืืืืืฆืขืช ืืกืืคืืช ืฉื ืืืืืงืื ืืืฉืื ื-CFU/mL.
ืชืืฆืืืช
ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืื ืืืืื S ืืืคืืื ืืืจืืื ืฉื pseudoCovid-19.
ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืื SARS-CoV2 S ืื ืืืคืื ืฉื ืืฆืจื ืืืืจ ืืจื ืกืคืงืฆืื ืฉื ืชืื HEK293T ืืืฉืจ ืขื ืืื ื ืืชืื Western blot ืขื lysates ืฉื ืืืจืืกืื ืืืืฆืจืื ืืืืืืจืื. ืืคื ืฉืืืฆื ืืืืืจ 1, ื-pseudoCovid-19 ืืืืืฆืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืืืื S ืืืืคืืื ื ื-SARS ืืืืขื
CoV2 ืฉืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืขื ื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืื-ืกืคืืืง ืืกืคืฆืืคื. ื ืืชืื ืืืงืจืืกืงืืคืื ืฉื ืืขืืจืช ืืืงืืจืื ืื (TEM) ืขื ืืคืกืืืื-ืืืจืืกืื ืฉื ืืฆืจื, ืฉื ืืื ืืืืืื EGFP ื-LUC, ืืืฉืจื ืฉืืืื ืืืืงืืงืื ืืคืกืืืื-ืืืจืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืฃ ืืืืขื SARS-CoV2 (20) ืืื ืืคืกืืืื-ืงืืืื-19 ืฉืืืฉื ืืชื HEK293T ืืืขืืจื ืืืืชื ืฉืืื (ืืืืจ 2).
ืชืืฆืืืช ืืืืจืฆืื
ืืื ืืืืช ืืช ืจืืืื ืืืืงืืงืื ืื ืืืคืื ืืชืืฉืืจืื ืฉืฉืืืฉื ืืื ืื ืืกืืืื, ืืืฆืข ืืืืจืฆืื ืฉื ืืืจืืก. ืจืืืื ืืืืงืืงืื ืื ืืืคืื ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืชืืจื ืืืืืืืืืจ (TU/ml). ืชืื CaCo-2 ืฉืืืขืืจื ืืืืืื ืคื ืฉื ืืื ืฉื EGFP-pseudoCovid-19 ื ืืชืื ืขื ืืื FACS ืืื ืืืืืช ืืช ืืกืคืจ ืืชืืื ืืคืืืจืกื ืืื ืืืืจืืช ืฉื ืื ืืืืื. ื-TU/ml ืืืฉื ืืืืจืืช ืฉืืื ืืกืคืจ ืืชืืื ืืคืืืจืกื ืืื ืืื ื ืืื ื-30% ืืืืื (ืืืืจ 3). ื-TU/ml ืืืื ื-6.9 x 105, ืืืื ืืื ื ืงืืืช ื ืืกืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืงืืงื ืืคืกืืืื-ืืืจืืก ืืื 20.7X103.
ื ืืืจืื PseudoCovid-19 ืขื ืืื ืชืื Enviro-Bioticsยฎ Bacillusืชืจืืืฃ ื ืืื Enviro-Bioticsยฎ Bacillus ืืื ื ืขื ืืืฉืื ืฉื ืืืง 4 ืฉืขืืช ืืคื ื ืืจืืื ืืืจืืืืช. ืืจืื ืชืื ื-Bacillus ืฉืจืืกืกื ืขื ืคื ื ืืฉืื ืฉื ืืืงื, ืืืืจ 4 ืฉืขืืช ืฉื ืืืืจื ืืืงืืืช ืืืคื ื ืชืืกืคืช ืืคืกืืืื-ืงืืืื-19, ื ืกืคืจื ืขื ืขืจื ืืืืฆืข ืฉื
108*1.42 CFU/ml ืขืืืจ ืื ื ืงืืืช ืืื ืืืืจื (ื ืชืื ืื ืื ืืืฆืืื).
ืืืืืงื ืืจืืฉืื ืืช ื ืขืฉื ืฉืืืืฉ ืืืื ื EGFP-pseudoCovid-19. ื ืืื Enviro-Bioticsยฎ Bacillus ืืฆืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืฉืืชื ืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืงืืงืื ืื ืืืคืืื: 67% ืืืืืงืื ืื ืืืคืืื ืฉื EGFP ืืืจ ื ืืืจืื ืืืืจ 15 ืืงืืช ืืืืจื ืขื Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ืืืฉืืืื ืืืงืจื (ืคืกืืืื-ืืืจืืก ืืืืืจืช ืขื ืืืคืจ ืกืืื ืืืื) ืืืืื ืื ืื ืืืืข. 97.7% ืืืืจ ืืืืจื ืฉื 3 ืฉืขืืช (ืืืืจ 4; ืืืื 1A). ืขืจื ืืคืืชืช Log, ืืืืฉื ืขืืืจ ืื ื ืงืืืช ืืืืจื ืืืคืจืฉ ืืื Log10 ืฉื ืืงืจืื ื ืฉื ืืืงืจื (ืคืกืืืื-ืืืจืืก ืืืื)
Log10 ืฉื ืืงืจืื ื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืื ืืคืกืืืื-ืืืจืืก ืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืื ืืืื, ืืื 0.5 ื-1.6 ืื ืืืืืช EGFP-pseudoCovid-19 ืืืืจ 15 ืืงืืช ื-3 ืฉืขืืช, ืืืชืืื (ืืืื 1A). ืืงื ืืืช ืืืงืจืืกืงืืคืื ืงืื ืคืืงืืืช ืคืืืืืจืกืฆื ืืืช ืืืืืชืืช ืืืฉืจื ืืช ืืฉืืชืช ืืคืกืืืื-ืืืจืืก ืืืขื ืืืื ืชืื 3 ืฉืขืืช (ืืืืจ 5). ืืชืจื ืืชืืฆืื, ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืกืคืง ืืจืืคืืืืืจื, ืืืขืจืืืืืจ ืื ืืืคืื ืืชืืืื ืชืื Bacillus ืขื ืืื ืืืกืคืช ืคืืจืืืืฆืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืชืื ืืืืจื Caco-2 ืืืชืืืืก ืืืืืืฆืจืืช ืืืืฉืื. ืืคื ืฉืืืฆื ืืืืืจ 6, ืืืชืืืืื ืฉืืืคืื ืืกืืคืจื ืื ืืื ืฉืืงืืจื ืืืืืจืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืืจ pseudoCovid-19 ืื ืืืืืช ืชืื Bacillus ืืคืืืชื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืืฆืจืืช ืืืืฉืืืช ืืืืืฉืจืืืช ืื ืืืขืื ื-pseudoCovid-19. ืืืื, ืืืืช ืืงืจืืกืื ืกืืื ืขื ืืื ืกืคืืื ืกืคืงืืจืืคืืืืืืจืืช ื-570 ื ื ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืืจืช ืืืืืกืื, ืืชืืืืื ืืืืฉืืืช ืืืืื ืืฆืืจืช ืืืืฉืืืช (ืืืืจ 7), ืืื ืืงื ื ืืื ืขื ืขืจืื ืืงืจืื ื, ืืืฆืืืื ืื ืืคืขืื ืฉื ืื ืืืฃ, ืฉืืืืื ืืืืืจ 4.
ืืืฉืืจ ื ืืกืฃ ืฉื Bacillus ืืืืื Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ืืขื ืืื ืื-ืืืจืืืืช ืืชืงืื ืขื ืืื ืืชืืจ ืฉื ืชืื Caco-2 ืืื ื pseudoCovid-19 ืฉืื ื ืฉืืEGFP ืืืืืฃ ื-LUC. ืืืืื ืื ืืกืื ืฉืืืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืคืขืื ืฉื EGFP-pseudoCovid-19, ืื ืืืขืื ืืชืืืืื ื-LUC-pseudoCovid-19 ื ืืฆืื ืื ืจืืืฉืื ืืืชืืืืื ืืืืืืื Enviro-Bioticsยฎ Bacillus. ืืืื ืืืื ืืงืืืืฆืื ืืืชืืืืช ืขื ืืื ื ืืื Enviro-Bioticsยฎ Bacillus, ืืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืืงื ืืืช ืืืืืืืืื ืกื ืฆืื, ืืื 70% ืืืืจ 15 ืืงืืช ืืืืจื ืื-99% ืืืืจ 3 ืฉืขืืช (ืืืืจ 8; ืืืื 1B ืจืืก), ืืืขื ืชืืฆืืืช ืฉืืืฉืื ืขื EGFP ืืืงืจื ืื ืืืช ืคืกืืืื-ืื . ืืชืจ ืขื ืื, ืืืคืืชื ืืืืืฉืืช ืืืืจ 15 ืืงืืช ื-3 ืฉืขืืช ืืืืชื 0.8 ื-1.85, ืืืชืืื (ืืืื 1B). ืืชืืฆืืืช ืฉืืชืงืืื ืืืืงืจื ืื ืืืช ืคืกืืืื-ืืืจืืก LUC ืืืืืคืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืช ืืฉืคืขืืช ืืืื ืืงืืืืฆืื ืฉื Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ืฉื ืฆืคื ืืืืงืจื ืื ืืืช ืืคืกืืืื-ืืืจืืก EGFP, ืื ืฉืืกืคืง ืชืืืื ื ืืกืคืช ืืฉืืืืฉ ื-Enviro-Biotics ืืืืคื ืื ืื-ืืืจืืื ืืฉืชื ืืืฉืืช ืฉืื ืืช ืืืืคื ืืืืืื.
Discussion
ืืืืงืจืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืจืืื ืฉ – ยฎEnviro-Biotics ืขืฉืืื ืืกืคืง ืืื ื ืืคื ื ืงืืืื-19.
ืื ืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืฉืืืจืืื ืื ืืืืืืช ืืืคืืชืช ืืืขืืจื ืืืืืืงืืช ืื ืืืคืืช ืฉื ืงืืืื-19
ืืืื ืจืืืืง ืืืจืชื, ืืืกืื ืืฉืืืคืช ืืืืื ืืื ื ืืขืืืืช ืืืืืืื ืื ื ืืฆืืืช ืืฉืืืืฉ ืืื ืืืจืกืื.
ืืฉื ืื, ืฉืืืื ืฉื Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ืขืฉืื ืืกืคืง ืืจื ืืื ื ื ืืกืคืช ืืืืจืืืช ืืืคืืชืช ืืขืืจื ื ืืืคืืช.
ืืืืคืืื ืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืฉื Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ืืืืืื ืืื ืฉืื (1) ืืฆืืืืช ืืืืฆืจืืช ื ืืืื ืฉื ืืชื ืืฉืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืชืฉืืืช ืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืคืจืืืจื ื/ืื ืืชื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืคืื ืืืืืจืื ืืกืืื ืื, ืื ืฉืืืคื ืืืชื ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืจืกืืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืชืืฉืืจื ื ืืงืื ืืืืืื ืจืืื ืืืืจืฉืื ืืืฉืืจืื, ืฆืืื ืืื ืืืฉื ืื ืืชืงื ืื ืืืืืืื, (2) ื ืืชื ืื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืจืืกืืืืืฆืื ืขื ืจืื ืืืฉืืืื. ื ืืชื ืืืจืืื ืืช ืืืืฉืื ืขื ืืื ืจืืกืืก ืืืืืืจืื ืฉืืืขืืื ืืืชืคืฉืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืจื ืืืืื ืกืืืจืื (ืจืืืื, ืืืจื ืืืื), ืื ืข"ื ืืชืื ืืืืื ืืืชืืื ืชืช ืืจืืฉ (ืืืืืืช ืงืื ืฆืจืืื, ืคืชืื ืืืืื/ืงืืจืืจ ืืืชืืื), (3) ื ืืชื ืืืจืืื ืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืืจืืกืืืืืฆืื ืืืืกืื ืืฉืืืื ืืขืื ืืืชืจ ืืงืฆืฃ ืื ืืืืื ืงืื ืื ืฆืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืืจ ืืืฉืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ื ืงืืืืืืช, ืกืืงืื ืื ืืืืื, (4) ืืืืื ืืืชืืจืืช ืืืืคื ืคืขืื ืขื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืงืื ืื ืฉืืจืื ืจืืืืื ืืืืขืืื ืืืชืคืจืฅ ืืืืฉ ืืืฉืจ ืืืคืืข ืืืื ืืืืง ืืืฉ.
ืืจื ืืื ืชืืื ืืกืืื ืืช, ืืฆืืื, ื ืืชื ืช ืืืืืืก ืืืืฉ, ืืืืืืชืืช ืืกืืืื ืืชืืคื ืืื ื ืืืืจื ืืื. ืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืชืจืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืง ืฉืืจืืชื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืืืชืขืจืืืืืช ืงืื ืื ืฆืืื ืืืืช.
ืืืงืจืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืืืฉืคืขืืช ืืืืขืืืืช ืฉื Enviro-Bioticsยฎ.
LaFauci ืืขืืืชืื (14) ืืฉืชืืฉื ื-Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ืืืืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืื ืื ืฉื Bacillus (B. subtilis, B. pumilus, B. megaterium) ืืืขืจืืช ืื ืืงืื ืืคืจืืืืืืืช ืฉืืื (PCHS). ืืืืงืจืื ืืื, ืืจืขื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืงืื ืขื ืืฉืืืื (ืืืืจ, ืจืฆืคื ืืฉืืืื ืขืืืื), ืืืืจ ืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืขื Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ืืืืขืจืื ืขืืืจ ืืืืื ืืืืฉ. ืชืืกืคืช ืฉื Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ืืคืืืชื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืงืฉืืจืื ื-HIA (S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, E. faecalis ื-C. albicans) ืืืชืจ ื-92% ืืืืจ 24 ืฉืขืืช. ืื ืืกืฃ, ื ืืกืืื ืฉืื, ืืื ืืืขืจืื ืืช ืืืขืืืืช ืฉื ืคืจืืืืืืืงื.
ืืืืื ืคืชืืื ืื ืืกืืืืช ืืืช ืืืืื ืกืื ืืจืืืช (ืฆืืืช, ืืืืื, ืืฉืคืื), ืืืืืื ืืืกืื ืฉื ืืืืืงืื ืคืชืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืฉ ืฉืขืืช ืืืื, ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืืืฉ. ืืืจ ืื ืืืืื ืขืื ืืืชืจ ืืช ืืขืืืืืช ืฉื Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ืืืืจื ืืื, ืืฉืจ ื ืืฉืืช ืื ืืืขืช ืืืชืืืฆืืืช ืฉื biofilms ืฉืืืฉืื ืืืคืืืช ืฉืืฉืื ืฉื ืืืงืจืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืคืชืืื ืืื (21). ืืืงืจืื ืฉื Vandini ืืขืืืชืื (22) ืืจืื ืฉืืืฉืื ืฉื ืชืืืกืช Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ืืืืื Bacillus ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืคืืืช ืืช ืืขืืืก ืืืืงืจืืืืืื ืฉื S. aureus, Coliforms, Pseudomonas spp. ื-Candida spp., ืืขื 80% ืืฉืืจื ืขื ืืืฉืคืขื ืืื ืื-ืืืงืจืืืืืืืช ืืืฉื ืืืืฉื ืืืื.
ืืืจืืช ืืืฉืคืขืืช ืืืืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืฉื Enviro-Bioticsยฎ, ืืืขืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืฉื Bacillus ืืืืจืื ืืืจื ืืื ืืืืืืื (GRAS) ืขื ืืื ื-FDA (23), ืื ื ืืชื ืืืชืขืื ืืืฉืืื ืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืกืืืื ืืงืืื ืืช . ืืฉื ืื, ืงืืกืื ืืขืืืชืื
(15) ืืงืจื ืืช ืืฉืคืขื ืฉื ืืืืจ ื ืืงืื ืืืืืกืก ืขื Enviro-Bioticsยฎ Bacillus ืขื ืคืชืืื ืื ืืกืืืื ืจืคืืืืช. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืื ืืขืจืืื ืืช ืืืืืจ ืฉื Bacilli ืฉืืงืืจื ื-Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ืืืืืืง ืืืืื ืืืืฉืคืืื. ืื ืจืง ืฉืื ืืืืืืื ืขื ืืจืืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืืงื ืืงืจื ืืืืืืกืืืช ืืืืืืงืื ืืืืืืื, ืืืืืืชืืื ืืฆืื ืขืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืืืืื ื-HAI ืืืืงืจืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืืื ืขืืืจ Bacilli. ืืชืจ ืขื ืื, ืืชืขืจืืืชื ืฉื PCHS Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ืืจืืชื ืืจืืื ืฉื 33%-100% ืืื ืื ืขืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืืืงื, ืืจืืื ืฉื 60% ืืฆืจืืืช ืชืจืืคืืช ืื ืื-ืืืงืจืืืืืืืืช ืืกืื HAI ืืืคืืชื ืฉื 75% ืืขืืืืืืช ืืงืฉืืจืืช ืืืืื (15). Tarricone ืืขืืืชืื (13) ืืืืืืื ืืืืคื ืืืื ืฉืฉืืืืฉ ืืืืกืก Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ืืืงืื ืชืืฉืืจื ื ืืงืื ืงืื ืื ืฆืืื ืืืื ืืื ืข 31,000 HAI ื-8,500 ืืงืจื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืืืงื ืืืืจ ืืืฉ ืฉื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืขืืืืืช ื-14 ืืืืืื ืืืจื (16.8 ืืืืืื ืืืืจ), ืขื ืืืขืื ื-80% ืืื ืื ืขืืืจ ืืืคืื ื-HAI ืขืืืืื. ืืืืคื ืืืื, ืืืืืืื ืืืจ ืฉื Kim et al (24) ืืจืื ืืช ืืืฉืคืขืืช ืืืืขืืืืช ืฉื Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืกืชืื ืฉื ืืขืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืช, ืืขืจื ืืช ืื ืื-ืืืงืจืืืืืืืช ืืคืขืืืืช ื ืื ืคืชืืื ืื ืืืืืืจ.
ืืืืงืจืื ืืื, ืืืืคื ืชืื ืืคืืช ืืฉืืืคืช ยฎEnviro-Biotics (B. subtilis ื-amyloliquefaciens) ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืงืช ืจืืืืช ืืืืฉืจื ืขื ืืื ืืืืืืืื (OVA) ืืคืืืชื ืฆืืืืงื ืื ืืกืื Hepler Type 2 (Th2) ืืจืืืช ืฉืขืชืืง ืืืืืื ืื.
- ืืืืงืจืื ืืื, ืืืืคื ืชืื-ืืคืืช ืืฉืืืคืช ยฎEnviro-Biotics (B. subtilis ื-amyloliquefaciens) ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืงืช ืจืืืืช ืืืืฉืจื ืขื ืืื ืืืืืืืื (OVA) ืืคืืืชื ืฆืืืืงืื ืื ืืกืื Hepler Type 2 (Th2) ืืจืืืช ืฉืขืชืืง ืืืืืื ืื.
2. Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ืืืจืืื ืืช ืืืืืื ื-mRNA ืฉื IL-4 ื-IL-5 ื/ืื ืืช ืจืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืฉื ืืช ืืช IL-10 ืืืืงืช ืจืืืืช ืื ืืจืืช ืขื ืืื OVA in vivo ืชืื ืฉืืืช ืืืฉ ืขื ืืืฉืคืขืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืืืืืืจืืืช ืฉืืื. ืืืืืืืืื ืืกืื Bacillus ืืืืืืื 2,3-ืืืื ืืืื, ืคืจืืคืืื ืืืืงืื, ืืืืฆื ืืืืื ืืช, ืืืืฆื 2-methylbutyric, ืืืืฆื ืืงืืืช, ืกืืืืืืืืื ืืืืืฆื ืืงืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืจืืื ืื ืื-ืืืงืจืืืืืืืื ืื ืื-ืคืืจืืืชืืื ืืคืฉืจืืื, ืืคืืขืืื ืื ืคืจื ื/ืื ืืืืฆืขืืช ืืฉืคืขืืช ื ืืกืคืืช ืืกืื ืจืืืืช. ืืืืฉืื ืฉื Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืืกืืืช ืืขืืื ืืฉืืจืืชื ืืจืืืืช. ืืื ืื ืื ืชืื ืื ืืฆืืืืช ืืืืืงืื ืื ืขืืืฉ ืืกืืืืื ืืชืกืืื ืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืื (25) ืขืืืืื ืืขืืืช ืืืืช ืืืคื ืืืืจืื ืืชืืงืื ืขื ืืื ืงืืื ืื ืงืื ืื ืฆืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืืช ื ืชืื ืื ืืืจืืกื. ืื ืืกืฃ, ืื ืืื ื ืืฉืจืืื ืืืขืจืืืช ืืชื ืกืคืจ ืืืืืื ืืืคืืง ืชืืขืืช ื-Enviro-Bioticsยฎ ืืื ืืฉืืืจ ืขื ืกืืืืช ืขืืืื ืืฆืืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืืื ืืช, ืืืคืืืช ืืช ืืขืืจืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืช ืืืืคืืืช ืืื ืขืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืฉืืืื, ืืื ืื ืืืืืืช ืืฉืคืืืืช ืืชืืฆืื ืื ืืงืื ืืืงืื ืืขืืืื (26-28) .
The application of Enviro-Bioticsยฎ in viral infection has also been reported. Hong and colleagues
- studied the effects of intranasal administration of Bacillus subtilis containing Enviro-Bioticsยฎ in a murine model of RSV. They found that Enviro-Bioticsยฎ administration induced expansion of alveolar macrophages in addition to activation and enhanced production of inflammatory cytokines, macrophage differentiation and a profound reduction of viral titers and RSV related lung injury, suggesting its use as a potential therapeutic approach against RSV.
Our studies investigated the effect of Bacillus species containing Enviro-Bioticsยฎ on coronavirus infectivity. We utilized aย coronavirus that expressed the wild-type coronavirus spike protein unique to CoV2. This virus was used to infect Caco-2 cells that contain the ACE2 receptor
- in the presence and absence of Enviro-Bioticsยฎ. We found that Enviro-Bioticsยฎ reduced covid infectivity >97% after three hours using both GFP and LUC reporter constructs and that puromycin induced colony formation was also reduced in the treatment group. These findings are in concert with other studies that assessed the effect of Enviro-Bioticsยฎ in other viral infections
including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) or Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) systems (17). In those studies, peptidoglycan (PG) components from
- subtilis reduced infection >10,000-fold, while PG from other bacterial species did not. The authors identified a cyclic lipopeptide โ surfactin โ that was responsible for the observed anti-viral effects and that surfactin treatment was efficacious against many enveloped viruses in vitro, including influenza A virus (strains H1N1 and H3N2), Zika, Dugbe, Nipah, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Chikungunya, Una, Mayaro, and Ebola. Collectively, these results highlight remarkable anti-viral effects of Enviro-Bioticsยฎ and their potential to impact viral pathogenesis.
CONCLUSION
Enviro-Bioticsยฎ represent an emerging environmental probiotic application to the curtailment of infectious organisms. The results herein reported indicate the significant anti-viral activity of Bacillus species containing Enviro-Bioticsยฎ on a Covid-19 viral infection construct, having full homology with the natural SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the near eradication of infectivity in short time. These results, in conjunction with previously reported beneficial effects in various disease transmission systems, further edify the potential use of Enviro-Bioticsยฎ as a novel intervention to reduce SARS-CoV2 infection.
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Fig. 1
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Fig. 1 A representative Western blot analysis, performed as described in Methods, on lysates of virus expressing or not the Spike S protein of Covid-19 used for all the tests. The Spike S was identified using a specific mAb (Thermo Scientific, U.S.A) protein on the lysate viruses samples.
Fig. 2
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Fig. 2 A representative image of TEM acquisition of the produced Covid-19 (magnification 50000x; 100 Kv). Red arrows indicate the viral particles in the field of acquisition; the yellow box is a zoom image of a singleย viral particle. The table summarizes the 2D dimension of Covid-19.
Fig.3
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Fig. 3. FACS analysis of EGFP-Covid-19 titration. In panels A-C, a representative sample of non-transduced cells shows the cells totally negative for the presence of green fluorescence. In panels D-E, a representative sample of transduced cells with EGFP-Covid-19 shows a percentage of cells positive for green fluorescence.
Fig. 4
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Fig. 4. Fluorimetric quantitation of EGFP-Covid-19 residual infectivity on Caco-2 cells detected as GFP fluorescence presented as Relative Fluorescence Units (RFU), as described in Methods. The background of auto-fluorescence deriving from untreated Caco-2 cells was subtracted for each experimental time point. Each bar is the meanยฑSD of a triplicate. P value was calculated by unpaired t-Test. ***p< 0.001
Fig. 5
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Fig. 5. Fluorescence confocal microscope images (20X magnification) of Caco2 cells incubated for 72 h with the recovered supernatant of EGFP-Covid-19 test at time 0 (T0) and time three h (T3). Panels on the left represent the controls (supernatant of EGFP-Covid-19 alone); panels on the right represent the fluorescence of Caco-2 cells treated with the supernatants of EGFP-Covid-19 incubated with Enviro- Bioticยฎ at T0 (Initiation of Bacillusโvirus incubation) and at T3 of the residual infectivity test.
Fig. 6
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Fig. 6. Colony forming assay, as described in Methods, of Caco-2 cells incubated for 12 days with the supernatants of the different time point incubations deriving from the EGFP-Covid-19 residual infectivity test. Upper lane: cells incubated with the supernatants of Covid-19 alone; lower lane: cells incubated with the supernatants of Covid-19 treated in the presence of Enviro-Bioticsยฎ.
Fig. 7
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Fig. 7. Crystal violet quantitation by spectrophotometric absorbance at 570 nm of the dissolved crystals corresponding to the colonies formed in the colony forming assay. Black bars: control (EGFP-Covid- 19 alone); white bars: EGFP-Covid-19 incubated with Enviro-Bioticsยฎ
Fig. 8
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Fig. 8. Chemiluminescence quantitation of the LUC-Covid-19 residual infectivity detected as luciferase activity, presented as Relative Luciferase Units (RLU). Each bar is the meanยฑSD of a triplicate. P value was calculated by unpaired t-Test; ***p< 0.001
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